G-code is the standard programming language that tells a CNC machine what to do — where to move, how fast, when to turn the spindle or coolant on, and which tool to use. Each line is a command; 'G' words control motion (like G00 rapid, G01 feed, G02/G03 arcs) and 'M' words control machine functions (M03 spindle on, M06 tool change). It's usually generated by CAM software from a 3D model, then edited at the machine.
Every CNC control reads a dialect of G-code, though details vary between Fanuc, Haas, Siemens and others. Conversational programming is an easier, menu-driven alternative that generates G-code behind the scenes. See conversational and CNC control.
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